18th Century

Early modern history comprises the time between the end of the Middle Ages and the contemporary era. The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800 in the Gregorian calendar. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. This dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution, although it was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror of Maximilien Robespierre. At first, the monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but with the French Revolution they feared losing their power and formed broad coalitions for the counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire underwent a protracted decline, as it failed to keep up with the technological advances in Europe. The Tulip period symbolized a period of peace and reorientation towards European society, after victory against a burgeoning Russian Empire in the Pruth River Campaign. Throughout the century various reforms were introduced with limited success.

1700s

1700-1721: Great Northern War between Tsarist Russia and the Swedish Empire.
1701: Kingdom of Prussia declared under King Frederick I.
1701: Ashanti Empire is formed under Osei Kofi Tutu I.
1701–1714: The War of the Spanish Succession is fought, involving most of continental Europe.
1701–1702: The Daily Courant and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England.
1702: Forty-seven Ronin attack Kira Yoshinaka and then commit seppuku in Japan.
1702–1715: Camisard Rebellion in France.
1703: Saint Petersburg is founded by Peter the Great; it is the Russian capital until 1918.
1703–1711: The Rákóczi Uprising against the Habsburg Monarchy.
1704: End of Japan's Genroku period.
1704: First Javanese War of Succession.
1705: George Frideric Handel's first opera, Almira, premieres.
1706: War of the Spanish Succession: French troops defeated at the Battles of Ramilies and Turin.
1706: The first English-language edition of the Arabian Nights is published.
1707: The Act of Union is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.
1707: After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire enters a long decline and the Maratha Empire slowly replaces it.
1707: Mount Fuji erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700.
1707: War of 27 Years between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
1708: The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
1708–1709: Famine kills one-third of East Prussia's population.
1709: The Great Frost of 1709 marks the coldest winter in 500 years.
1709: Hotaki dynasty founded in Afghanistan.
1709: Charles XII of Sweden flees to the Ottoman Empire after Peter I of Russia defeats his army at the Battle of Poltava.

1710s

1710: The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne, takes effect.
1710-1711: Ottoman Empire fights Russia in the Russo-Turkish War.
1711-1715: Tuscarora War between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the Tuscarora people of North Carolina.
1712: War of the Spanish Succession: The French defeat a combined Dutch-Austrian force at the Battle of Denain.
1712: The first shipment of coffee from Java reaches Amsterdam.
1713: The Treaty of Utrecht ends the War of the Spanish Succession.
1713-1714: Tarabai establishes the rival Maratha Empire government in Kolhapur against Chattrapati Shahu.
1714: Accession of George I, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.
1715: The first Jacobite rising breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston.
1715: Louis XIV dies, leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt; The Regency takes power under Philippe d'Orleans.
1715: Pope Clement XI declares Catholicism and Confucianism incompatible.
1716: Establishment of the Sikh Confederacy along the present-day India-Pakistan border.
1717: The Netherlands, Britain and France sign the Triple Alliance.
1717: Surabaya rebels against the VOC.
1718: The city of New Orleans is founded by the French in North America.
1718: Blackbeard (Edward Teach) is killed by Robert Maynard in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of Ocracoke Island.
1718-1730: Tulip period of the Ottoman Empire.
1719: The Spanish attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.
1719: Second Javanese War of Succession.

1720s

1720: The South Sea Bubble.
1720: Spanish military embarks on the Villasur expedition, traveling north from Mexico into the Great Plains.
1720–1721: The Great Plague of Marseille.
1721: Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (de facto).
1721: The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.
1721: Kangxi Emperor bans Christian missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.
1721: Peter I reforms the Russian Orthodox Church.
1722: Afghans conquer Iran, overthrowing the Safavid Shah Sultan Husayn.
1722: Kangxi Emperor of China dies.
1722: Bartholomew Roberts is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
1722–1723: Russo-Persian War.
1722–1725: Controversy over William Wood's halfpence leads to the Drapier's Letters and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
1723: Slavery is abolished in Russia; Peter the Great converts household slaves into house serfs.[11]
1723–1730: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of Kazakh territories by the Dzungars.
1724: The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
1725: The Fulani nomads take complete control of Futa Jallon and set up the first of many Fulani jihad states to come.
1726: The enormous Chinese encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng of over 100 million written Chinese characters in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using copper-based Chinese movable type printing.
1727–1729: Anglo-Spanish War.
1729–1735: Charles Wesley and John Wesley begin Methodism in England.

1730s

1730: Mahmud I takes over Ottoman Empire after the Patrona Halil revolt, ending the Tulip period.
1730–1760: The First Great Awakening takes place in Great Britain and North America.
1732–1734: Crimean Tatar raids into Russia.
1733–1738: War of the Polish Succession.
1735–1739: Russo-Turkish War.
1735–1799: The Qianlong Emperor of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
1735: Governor-General Dirck van Cloon dies, one of many victims of malaria in Batavia.
1736: Nader Shah assumes the title of Shah of Persia and founds the Afsharid dynasty; he rules until his death in 1747.
1736: Qing Dynasty Chinese court painters recreate Zhang Zeduan's classic panoramic painting, Along the River During Qingming Festival.
1738–1756: Famine across the Sahel; half the population of Timbuktu dies.
1738: Pope Clement XII issues In eminenti apostolatus, prohibiting Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
1738: Turlough O'Carolan, famous Irish harper, dies.
1739: Nader Shah defeats the Mughals at the Battle of Karnal and sacks Delhi.
1739: Great Britain and Spain fight the War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean.

1740s

1740: Frederick the Great comes to power in Prussia.
1740: The British attempt to capture St. Augustine, Florida but lose to the Spanish during the Siege of St. Augustine.
1740–1741: Famine in Ireland kills ten percent of the population.
1740–1748: War of the Austrian Succession.
1740: 9 October, a massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion; approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.
1741: Russians begin settling the Aleutian Islands.
1741: Pope Benedict XIV issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery.
1742: Marvel's Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill, begins operation in England.
1743: The capital of the Sultanate of Mataram Kartasura fell under Geger Pecinan uprising — Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) led Chinese mercenaries revolted against Pakubuwono II.
1744: The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.
1744: The French attempt to restart the Jacobite rebellion fails.
1744–1748: The First Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1745: Second Jacobite rising is begun by Charles Edward Stuart in Scotland.
1745: 17 February, Pakubuwono II establishes a new kraton in Sala village, along with Surakarta Sunanate.
1747: Ahmed Shah Durrani founds the Durrani Empire in modern-day Afghanistan.
1748: The Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
1748–1754: The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.

1750s

1750: Peak of the Little Ice Age.
1754: The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah as Nawab of the Carnatic.
1754: King's College is founded by a royal charter of George II of Great Britain.
1754–1763: The French and Indian War, the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
1755: The Lisbon earthquake occurs.
1755–1763: The Great Upheaval forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
1755: 13 February, the Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning the Mataram Sultanate; the VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwana I, who rules half of Central Java; Hamengkubuwana I then establishes Yogyakarta Sultanate, moves to Yogya and renames the city Yogyakarta.
1756–1763: The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
1756–1763: The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
1757: The Battle of Plassey signals the beginning of formal British rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the East India Company.
1757: 17 March, Salatiga treaty between Prince Sambernyawa with Pakubuwono III and Hamengkubuwono I further partitions the remnant of Mataram Sultanate; the Mangkunegaran Grand Duchy is established.
1758: British colonel James Wolfe issues Wolfe's Manifesto.
1759: French and Indian War: French commander Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and British commander James Wolfe die during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

1760s

1760: George III becomes King of Britain.
1760: Zand dynasty is founded in Iran.
1761: Maratha Empire defeated at Battle of Panipat.
1762–1796: Reign of Catherine the Great of Russia.
1763: The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
1763: Kingdom of Mysore conquers the Kingdom of Keladi.
1765: The Stamp Act is introduced into the American colonies by the British Parliament.
1766: Christian VII becomes king of Denmark. He was king of Denmark to 1808.
1766–1799: Anglo-Mysore Wars.
1767: Burmese conquer the Ayutthaya kingdom.
1768: Gurkhas conquer Nepal.
1768–1772: War of the Bar Confederation.
1768–1774: Russo-Turkish War.
1769: Spanish missionaries establish the first of 21 missions in California.
1769–1770: James Cook explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
1769–1773: The Bengal famine of 1770 kills one-third of the Bengal population.
1769: French expeditions capture clove plants in Ambon, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772)

1770s

1770: James Cook claims the East Coast of Australia (New South Wales) for Great Britain.
1770–1771: Famine in Czech lands kills hundreds of thousands.
1770: James Cook stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship Endeavour on his voyage around the world.
1771: The Plague Riot in Moscow.
1771: Richard Arkwright and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.
1772: Reformer Johann Friedrich Struensee executed in Denmark.
1772: Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
1772–1779: Maratha Empire fights Britain and Raghunathrao's forces during the First Anglo-Maratha War.
1772–1795: The Partitions of Poland end the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
1773–1775: Pugachev's Rebellion, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.
1773: East India Company starts operations in Bengal to smuggle opium into China.
1775: John Harrison H4 and Larcum Kendall K1 marine chronometers are used to measure longitude by James Cook on his second voyage (1772–1775).
1775–1782: First Anglo-Maratha War.
1775–1783: American Revolutionary War.
1776: Illuminati founded by Adam Weishaupt.
1776: The United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia.
1776: Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations.
1778: Tây Sơn Dynasty is established in Vietnam.
1778: James Cook becomes the first European to land on the Hawaiian Islands.
1778: 24 April, the Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals; this institution is a pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of the National Museum of Indonesia.
1779–1879: Xhosa Wars between British and Boer settlers and the Xhosas in the South African Republic.

1780s

1780: Outbreak of the indigenous rebellion against Spanish colonization led by Túpac Amaru II in Peru.
1781: The city of Los Angeles is founded by Spanish settlers.
1781–1785: Serfdom is abolished in the Austrian monarchy (first step; second step in 1848).
1783: Famine in Iceland, caused by the eruption of the Laki volcano.
1783: Russian Empire annexes the Crimean Khanate.
1783: The Treaty of Paris formally ends the American Revolutionary War.
1785–1791: Imam Sheikh Mansur, a Chechen warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim Caucasian tribes from throughout the Caucasus in a holy war against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.
1785–1795: The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans.
1787: The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification.
1787: Freed slaves from London establish Freetown in present-day Sierra Leone.
1787: Kansei Reforms instituted in Japan by Matsudaira Sadanobu.
1787–1792: Russo-Turkish War.
1788: First French Quaker community established in Congénies.
1788: First European settlement established in Australia at Sydney.
1788–1790: Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790).
1788: New Hampshire becomes the 9th state to ratify the United States Constitution, and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect.
1788–1789: Inconfidência Mineira, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in Brazil.
1789: George Washington is elected the first President of the United States; he serves until 1797.
1789: Great Britain and Spain dispute the Nootka Sound during the Nootka Crisis.
1789–1799: French Revolution.
1789: The Liège Revolution.
1789: The Brabant Revolution.

1790s-1800

1790: The United States of Belgium is proclaimed following the Brabant Revolution.
1790: Suppression of the United States of Belgium and re-establishment of Austrian control.
1790: Establishment of the Polish-Prussian Pact.
1791: The Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of Upper and Lower Canada in British North America.
1791: Suppression of the Liège Revolution by Austrian forces and re-establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
1791–1795: George Vancouver explores the world during the Vancouver Expedition.
1791–1804: The Haitian Revolution.
1792–1802: The French Revolutionary Wars lead into the Napoleonic Wars, which last from 1803-1815.
1792: The New York Stock & Exchange Board is founded.
1792: Polish–Russian War of 1792.
1792: King Gustav III of Sweden is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.
1792: March, Hamengkubuwana I dies.
1793: Upper Canada bans slavery.
1793: The largest yellow fever epidemic in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in Philadelphia, roughly 10% of the population.
1793–1796: Revolt in the Vendée against the French Republic at the time of the Revolution.
1794: Polish revolt.
1794: Jay's Treaty is concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the Great Lakes are returned to the U.S. and commerce between the two countries is regulated.
1794: Qajar dynasty founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.
1795: Mohammad Khan Qajar razes Tbilisi to the ground.
1795: Establishment of the French-backed Batavian Republic in present-day Netherlands.
1795: Pinckney's Treaty between the United States and Spain grants the Mississippi Territory to the U.S.
1795: The Marseillaise is officially adopted as the French national anthem.
1795: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans at the Battle of Nu'uanu.
1796: Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination; smallpox killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning monarchs.
1796: War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
1796: The British eject the Dutch from Ceylon.
1796: Mungo Park, backed by the African Association, is the first European to set eyes on the Niger River in Africa.
1796–1804: The White Lotus Rebellion against the Manchu Dynasty in China.
1797: Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
1798: The Irish Rebellion fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
1798–1800: The Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France.
1799: Napoleon stages a coup d'état and becomes First Consul of France.
1799: Dutch East India Company is dissolved.
1799: The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.
1799: Tipu Sultan is killed in a battle with British forces.
1800: 1 January, The bankrupt Dutch East India Company (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalized Dutch East Indies are established