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The First Battle of Arquijas (December 15, 1834) was a battle of the First Carlist War.

Opening shots

The battle began when Liberal forces found Carlist general Tomás de Zumalacárregui waiting at the bridge of Arquijas over the Ega River in Navarre; about the middle of the day, some gunshots were exchanged between the several advanced posts.

Battle at the bridge

The Liberals under Luis Fernández de Córdova attempted to force this bridge. The division of Cordova formed itself in order of battle near the hermitage of Arquijas (Ermita de Nuestra Señora de Arquijas), which commanded the rapids near the bridge. Artillery was stationed by the Liberals near this spot to protect the passage of the Liberal forces. A column of picked men, composed of carabiniers and peseteros, attempted to cross the bridge.

The Carlist Fourth Battalion of Navarre, reinforced by the tercios of Guipuzcoa, protecting the bridge, threw the Liberals back. "A few of the most adventurous [Liberal soldiers] succeeded, with great trouble, in gaining the opposite bank; but soon the bridge was covered with carcasses, and, despite all their efforts, they could not advance a step further."

Oraá's Feign

Córdova decided to attempt passage at another point, and gave orders to Marcelino de Oraá Lecumberri to get, by a concealed march, into the rear of the Carlists, and to General Lopez, to feign a similar movement, thereby distracting the Carlists. There were about 2,000 troops under Liberal general Oraá that had been detached by Córdova and sent to attack the Carlist rear.

The Liberals' leading column, led by Oraá, advanced against the Carlist center, leaving another division to oppose the Carlist right wing.

Sources disagree on what happened next. One source states that Zumalacárregui sent Ituralde's advanced guard, which had not yet seen action, to counter this rearguard action. Another states that Ituralde, "urged by an inconsiderate ardour which overcame his judgment, brought forward into sight his four battalions." These battalions, forming the left wing, had been concealed from view by the hill beneath which they were stationed.

Oraá instantly saw the snare into which he was about to fall, and changed his line of advance from north to west, moving directly upon Ituralde’s division, throwing out at the same time two battalions so as to outflank him. The Carlist left wing, thus enveloped and outnumbered, was driven back in confusion

Zumalacárregui's intervention

Zumalacárregui then supported Ituralde, leaving only 2 or 3 battalions in observation; Zumalacárregui hastily marched to support his left wing under Ituralde. The Liberals had already compelled Ituralde to retreat. However, Zumalacárregui’s unexpected reinforcement threw the Liberals into disorder. The Liberals gave way, falling back on their second line.

One source states that "it is said that, at this juncture, Cordova, believing the day to be lost, gave Oraa orders to retreat; the latter, however, more experienced in such affairs, took upon himself the responsibility of disregarding the order." Córdova did in fact retreat in disorder, abandoning the division.

The division, under Oraá, found itself opposed to Ituralde in the valley of Lana.

A 5-hour long combat followed.

The sources again disagree on what happened next. One source states that Oraá attacked but his detachment of over 2,000 men was dispersed in the Lana valley and fled, the nighttime covering their retreat. However, another source states that “the superiority of position and numbers had given the [Liberals] an advantage against which the Carlists found it impossible to contend.”

"One has to recognize that in the battle at Arquijas," Vicente Blasco Ibáñez has written, "the victory would have been the Carlists' had it not been for the skill and daring of Oráa, who knew how to extricate himself from a dire situation, as General Córdova had shown lamentable irresolution retreating from the battlefield before hostilities had ceased.

Aftermath

Córdova was replaced by Manuel Lorenzo as a result of this defeat. Córdova had withdrawn to Los Arcos, where he got orders from Espoz y Mina to quit his command and go to Madrid.

On February 5, 1835, the Liberals attacked the same spot at the Second Battle of Arquijas but were repulsed.

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  • Outline of the First Carlist War (1833 to 1839)
    First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool
    HISTORIC BATTLES

    First Carlist War (1833 to 1839)

    The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. It was fought between supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, and those of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos V). The Carlists supported return to an absolute monarchy. View Historic Battle »

    Basque reasons for Carlist uprising: Since the 18th century, a new emergent class had an interest in weakening the powerful Basque nobles and their influence in commerce, including that extending throughout the world with the help of the Jesuit order.

    The contenders: Another important reason for the massive mobilisation of the western Basque provinces and Navarre for the Carlist cause was the tremendous influence of the Basque clergy in the society, one that still addressed to them in their own language, Basque, unlike school and administration, institutions where Spanish had been imposed by then.

    The combatants: Both sides raised special troops during the war. The Liberal side formed the volunteer Basque units known as the Chapelgorris, while Tomás de Zumalacárregui created the special units known as aduaneros.

    War in the Northern Front: The Basque regional governments of Biscay, Álava, and Gipuzkoa followed suit by pledging obedience to Zumalacárregui.

    War in the Southern Front: In the south, the Carlist general Miguel Gómez Damas attempted to establish a strong position there for the Carlists, and he left Ronda on November 18, 1836, entering Algeciras on November 22.

    The end of war: The war effort had taken a heavy toll on Basque economy and regional public finances with a population shaken by a myriad of war related plights.

    Consequences: The financial and trading bourgeoisie burgeoned, but after Carlist war the Treasury's coffers were depleted and the army pending discharge.

  • Battles of the First Carlist War (Chronology)
    First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool
    HISTORIC BATTLES

    Battles of the First Carlist War (Chronology)

    Battle of Alsasua (April 22, 1834) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Alegría de Álava (October 27, 1834) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Venta de Echávarri (October 28, 1834) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Mendaza (December 12, 1834) - Liberal victory

    First Battle of Arquijas (December 15, 1834) - Liberal victory

    Second Battle of Arquijas (February 5, 1835) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Artaza (April 22, 1835) - Carlist victory

    Lord Eliot Convention April 27–28, 1835 - British-sponsored agreement between Carlists and Liberals regarding treatment of prisoners

    Battle of Mendigorría (July 16, 1835) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Arlabán (January 16–18, 1836) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Terapegui (April 26, 1836) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Villarrobledo (September 20, 1836) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Majaceite (November 23, 1836) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Luchana (December 24, 1836) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Oriamendi (March 16, 1837) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Huesca (March 24, 1837) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Villar de los Navarros (August 24, 1837) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Aranzueque (September 1837) - Liberal victory, end of Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real

    Battle of Maella (October 1, 1838) - Carlist victory

    Battle of Peñacerrada (June 20–22, 1838) - Liberal victory

    Battle of Ramales (May 13, 1839) - Liberal victory

HISTORY

 

First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool

First Carlist War (1833 to 1839)

The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1839, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Spanish monarchy. It was fought between supporters of the regent, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, and those of the late king's brother, Carlos de Borbón (or Carlos V). The Carlists supported return to an absolute monarchy.

Battles of the First Carlist War

First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool
First Carlist War (1833 to 1839) | Stories Preschool Carlos' seat at Durango in 1837

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RESOURCES
This article uses material from the Wikipedia articles "First Carlist War" and "First Battle of Arquijas", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.

 



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